IX.f) NeoDarwinism

Theory of evolution and human origin derived from Darwinism which, supported by scientific advances in cytology, biochemistry, genetics, etc. denounces the influence of the environment on the evolution of the species, and the heredity of acquired characters. Giving merit to variations in germination produced by natural selection and displayed through new morphological or functional characters.

Other theoris of evolution and human origin are Synthetic Theory (Dobzhandsdy, Mayr and Simpson), Punctuated Equilibrium Theory (Eldredge and Gould) and Neutralism Theory (Larmore and Rawls)

IX.g) Modern Synthetic Theory of evolution and Punctualism 

The Modern Evolutionary Synthesis has incorporated the latest advances of science in biology and genetics. If the neo-Darwinism or neo-Darwinian Theory explicitly incorporated the random variations or mutations within the population, the Synthetic Theory of evolution incorporates the random variations or mutations of the genetic information and accepts this mechanism as part of the evolution that, together with the mechanism of the natural selection, produce evolution as a whole.

The Synthetic Theory of evolution or Modern Synthetic emerged around the middle of the 20th century from the ideas of three authors specialized in different branches of the evolution: Theodosius Dobzhandsdy in genetics, Ernst Mayr in the species of living beings and George G. Simpson in the great categories of the organisms.

The diversification emerges slowly, usually through gradual changes, and originates in the specialization. Therefore, it is part of the Gradualism trend as the initial Theory of Darwin.

We can summarize the important differences of the Modern Synthetic Theory of evolution with the Theory of Darwin in the following:

• It accepts the random genetic change as a mechanism of the important evolution, in addition to the mechanism of the natural selection.
  
  
• It assumes that the traits are inherited through the genes. The variations of the population are due to the presence of multiple variations of a gene.
  
  
• Lastly, it assumes that the specialization is due, usually, to small random changes in the genetic information.

In other words, Synthetic Theory incorporates the aspects related to the microevolution and it assumes that the macroevolution is simply the accumulation of the microevolution.

Concerning the evolutionary leaps and Modern Synthetic Theory, the controversy is currently present because of the fossil registry, about which there is not a clear position within the scientific community.

The opposite movement would be Saltationism.

It consists of the old attitudes defended by the geneticist Richard Goldschmidt and the paleontologist Otto Schindewolf of evolution in leaps. On the same line, more recently, the Theory of Punctuated Equilibrium or Punctualism appeared due to the contributions from the paleontology of Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould in 1972; the latter incorporates the selection between species to the Darwinian selection between individuals.

Although the Theory of Darwin is close to Gradualism, it could be compatible with Saltationism; both Theory of Punctuated Equilibrium or Punctualism and Modern Synthetic Theory belong to the Neo-Darwinism.

IX.h) GTCEL-General Theory of the Conditional Evolution of Life  

It is necessary to bear in mind that the General Theory of Conditional Evolution of Life is a fully scientific and evolutionary theory based on the assumptions that all life has an intrinsic tendency to widen the sphere of freedom using evolution within environmental and logical conditions, which indirectly imply an intelligent design. It means something little it working since the origin of life.

Definition, characteristics and main conclusions of the evolutionary theory are in title V of this online book.

Regarding Saltationism and Gradualism, the GTCEL accept small and gradual changes while explaining the evolutionary jumps as quick and big changes of the genetic structure to allow a much bigger development, like the origin of new species. In other words, the evolutionary leaps are a logical consequence of the evolution of vital impulse systems.